7/24/2023 0 Comments Uic algebraic geometry seminar![]() Qualify for the group rate (group name Midwest Topology).Algebraic Geometry/Commutative Algebra Seminar, Department of Mathematics, University of Notre Dame, 2018-2019 Algebraic Geometry/Commutative Algebra Seminar, 2018–2019 Please make your reservation before August 17 in order to Mike Hill (UCLA) will also give the Hayden-Howard lecture on Monday, Sept 10 at 4pm in Room 110 of the Whitehall Classroom Building. Using this t-structure, I will explain how to recover some results of Bhatt-Morrow-Scholze on the relationship between topological periodic cyclic homology of smooth schemes in characteristic p and crystalline cohomology. I will describe new joint work with Thomas Nikolaus, which describes a t-structure on cyclotomic spectra. ![]() For a Lie group G acting on a symplectic manifold M and preserving a pair of Lagrangians, under certain hypotheses not including equivariant transversality we then construct a G-equivariant Lagrangian Floer homology. In this talk we discuss some of the history of equivariant versions of Lagrangian Floer homology. This construction has been an extremely fruitful source of new invariants in symplectic geometry and low-dimensional topology. Floer in the 1980's which associates to a pair of Lagrangian submanifolds in a symplectic manifold M the homology of a graded chain complex with a differential arising from considering solutions to a system of partial differential equations. Lagrangian Floer homology is an invariant introduced (along with other related invariants) by A. ![]() We will survey what is known about this group, with an emphasis on the local equivalence methods coming from Pin(2)-equivariant Seiberg-Witten Floer spectra and involutive Heegaard Floer homology.Ĭoffee, bagels, fruit 10:00 – 11:00 Kristen Hendricks (Michigan State)Ī simplicial construction of G-equivariant Lagrangian Floer homology The study of triangulations on manifolds is closely related to understanding the three-dimensional homology cobordism group. This leads to the definition of a family of invariants for principal bundles that detect the number of group reductions associated to characteristic classes that a principal bundle admits.Ĭoffee, fruit 4:00 – 5:00 Ciprian Manolescu (UCLA) By plugging in the correct parameters, we recover several classical theorems. We propose a uniform interpretation of characteristic classes as complete obstructions to the reduction of the structure group of a principal bundle, and to the existence of an equivariant extension of a certain homomorphism defined a priori only on a single fiber. Lunch 2:30 – 3:30 Martina Rovelli (Johns Hopkins)Ĭharacteristic classes as complete obstructions This is joint work with Vigleik Angeltveit, Teena Gerhardt, Mike Hill, Mike Mandell, and Tyler Lawson, in various combinations. This talk will describe some progress in understanding and speculation about the general setting, inspired by work on a relative version of THH that takes C n ring spectra as input. We know much less in the context of infinite compact Lie groups G. The description of multiplicative structures on the equivariant stable category for finite groups G in terms of HHR norms has been very successful, and resulted in an essentially algebraic perspective. This talk will need no prior knowledge of either elliptic cohomology or physics of field theoriesġ1:30 – 12:30 Andrew Blumberg (Texas-Austin) ![]() I will explain in this talk a step forward for the case of equivariant elliptic cohomology over the complex numbers by using constructions from supersymmetric field theory as geometric models in joint work with D. However, in contrast to the plethora of geometric objects that provide representatives for cohomology and K-theory classes, we do not know any geometric objects that provide representatives for elliptic cohomology. Schedule Saturday, September 8 9:00 – 10:00Ĭoffee, bagels, fruit 10:00 – 11:00 Arnav Tripathy (Harvard)Ī geometric model for complex analytic equivariant elliptic cohomologyĮlliptic cohomology has always been a natural big brother to ordinary cohomology and K-theory. We may still be able to provide some funding. If you are a graduate student or early career researcher and would like to be considered for funding, please apply promptly. University of Kentucky Chem-Phys Building: CP 139 505 Rose St
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7/24/2023 0 Comments Buffer overflow attack on mvc iis![]() Buffer overflows found in widely used server products are likely to become widely known and can pose a significant risk to users of these products. By sending carefully crafted input to a web application, an attacker can cause the web application to execute arbitrary code – effectively taking over the machine.īuffer overflow flaws can be present in both the web server or application server products that serve the static and dynamic aspects of the site, or the web application itself. Is so complex that a programmer cannot accurately predict its behaviorĪttackers use buffer overflows to corrupt the execution stack of a web application.Depends upon properties of the data that are enforced outside of the immediate scope of the code.Relies on external data to control its behavior.The combination of memory manipulation and mistaken assumptions about the size or makeup of a piece of data is the root cause of most buffer overflows.īuffer overflow vulnerabilities typically occur in code that: Even bounded functions, such as strncpy(), can cause vulnerabilities when used incorrectly. Many memory manipulation functions in C and C++ do not perform bounds checking and can easily overwrite the allocated bounds of the buffers they operate upon. ![]() Īt the code level, buffer overflow vulnerabilities usually involve the violation of a programmer’s assumptions. There are a number of excellent books that provide detailed information on how buffer overflow attacks work, including Building Secure Software, Writing Secure Code, and The Shellcoder’s Handbook. Another very similar class of flaws is known as Format string attack. The data sets the value of the return pointer so that when the function returns, it transfers control to malicious code contained in the attacker’s data.Īlthough this type of stack buffer overflow is still common on some platforms and in some development communities, there are a variety of other types of buffer overflow, including Heap buffer overflow and Off-by-one Error among others. The result is that information on the call stack is overwritten, including the function’s return pointer. In a classic buffer overflow exploit, the attacker sends data to a program, which it stores in an undersized stack buffer. Nevertheless, attackers have managed to identify buffer overflows in a staggering array of products and components. Part of the problem is due to the wide variety of ways buffer overflows can occur, and part is due to the error-prone techniques often used to prevent them.īuffer overflows are not easy to discover and even when one is discovered, it is generally extremely difficult to exploit. Most software developers know what a buffer overflow vulnerability is, but buffer overflow attacks against both legacy and newly-developed applications are still quite common. Descriptionīuffer overflow is probably the best known form of software security vulnerability. NVD CategorizationĬWE-788: Access of Memory Location After End of Buffer: This typically occurs when a pointer or its index is incremented to a position after the buffer or when pointer arithmetic results in a position after the buffer. Writing outside the bounds of a block of allocated memory can corrupt data, crash the program, or cause the execution of malicious code. In this case, a buffer is a sequential section of memory allocated to contain anything from a character string to an array of integers. See the OWASP Testing Guide article on how toĪ buffer overflow condition exists when a program attempts to put more data in a buffer than it can hold or when a program attempts to put data in a memory area past a buffer. How to Test for Buffer Overflow Vulnerabilities How to Review Code for Buffer Overflow Vulnerabilities See the OWASP Development Guide article on how to avoid buffer overflow vulnerabilities. ![]() ![]() How to Avoid Buffer Overflow Vulnerabilities See the OWASP article on Buffer Overflow Attacks. 7/24/2023 0 Comments Vice lord![]() AVLN members are alleged to participate in retaliations against rival gangs or AVLN members who have cooperated with law enforcement, order assaults of AVLN members that are in violation of AVLN law, and direct AVLN members to commit other crimes and acts of violence on behalf of the AVLN. It is further alleged that AVLN leaders also order members to participate in violence which includes assault with intent to murder, robbery and extortion. Members are alleged to carry, possess, and use firearms to protect their drug trafficking. ![]() AVLN members have connections to drug suppliers and utilize an interstate network to facilitate drug trafficking, including obtaining narcotics from Chicago and trafficking drugs out of state. This indictment is the result of ATF’s ongoing investigation focusing on the criminal activities of the AVLN and focuses on leaders and members of those five branches in Michigan and Chicago.Īccording to the indictment, AVLN and its members are alleged to be involved in a range of criminal activity including, but not limited to, narcotics trafficking involving fentanyl, cocaine, cocaine base, heroin, ecstasy/MDMA, methamphetamine, prescription pills, and marijuana. ![]() Some of these: branches” include the Travelling Vice Lords (“TVL”), Insane Vice Lords (“IVL”), and the Mafia Insane Vice Lords (“MIVLs”), Cicero Insane Vice Lords (“CIVLs”), and Conservative Vice Lords (“CVLs”). There are various “branches” within the AVLN, which are expected to assist one another, collaborate with one another on criminal activities, and answer to the gang’s leaders in Chicago, Illinois, and Detroit, Michigan. The forty individuals are members and associates of the Almighty Vice Lord Nation (AVLN), a national gang founded in Chicago, Illinois. DETROIT - Forty members and associates of a violent, armed, street gang were charged today on an indictment charging violations of Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), Violent Crime in Aid of Racketeering (ViCAR), and various drug and firearms offenses, announced Acting United States Attorney Saima Mohsin. ![]() Restricted Regions: XM Global Limited does not provide services for the residents of certain countries, such as the United States of America, Canada, Israel and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Please read and ensure you fully understand our Risk Disclosure. 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Trading on any financial market involves a significant level of risk to your capital.Īll material published on our Online Trading Facility is intended for educational/informational purposes only, and does not contain – nor should it be considered as containing – financial, investment tax or trading advice and recommendations or a record of our trading prices or an offer of, or solicitation for, a transaction in any financial instruments or unsolicited financial promotions to you.Īny third-party content, as well as content prepared by XM, such as: opinions, news, research, analyses, prices and other information or links to third-party sites contained on this website are provided on an “as-is” basis, as general market commentary, and do not constitute investment advice. ![]() Particularly, please be aware that the contents of our Online Trading Facility are neither a solicitation, nor an offer to enter any transactions on the financial markets. Such content is therefore provided as no more than general information. Such access and use are always subject to: (i) Terms and Conditions (ii) Risk Warnings and (iii) Full Disclaimer. Reporting by Johann M Cherian and Vansh Agarwal in Bengaluru Editing by Pooja Desaiĭisclaimer: The XM Group entities provide execution-only service and access to our Online Trading Facility, permitting a person to view and/or use the content available on or via the website, is not intended to change or expand on this, nor does it change or expand on this. ![]() Meanwhile, the Bank of Canada said it was worried a major cyberattack on one part of the financial system could quickly spread and threaten overall financial stability. GSPTTCD housing Canada Goose was up 0.04%.īrokerage National Bank of Canada upgraded its rating on equipment marketplace Ritchie Bros Auctioneers Inc RBA.TO to "outperform" from "sector perform", sending its shares up 4%. ![]() debt ceiling limit weighed on consumer sentiment.Īmong other movers, luxury winterwear maker Canada Goose Holdings Inc GOOS.TO forecast strong annual sales, betting on a sharp rebound in key market China, but later reversed course and shed 8.3% after its chief executive said the company expected the U.S. dollar, gold prices move lower and now there's talk about interest rates possibly rising another quarter point in June (aiding a fall in gold prices)," said Allan Small, senior investment advisor at Allan Small Financial Group.Ĭanadian stocks have traded in tight ranges since late April as weak China data darkened the demand outlook for commodities and concerns about the U.S. Miners represent 12% of the TSX in terms of market capitalisation. GSPTTMT fell 1.7% and hit an over one-month low, tracking a drop in gold prices. ET (14:23 GMT), the Toronto Stock Exchange's S&P/TSX composite index. Lightspeed Commerce Inc LSPD.TO tumbled by 10.7% on its worst day in over six months after reporting a weak quarterly sales forecast, citing caution on near-term macroeconomic pressures.Īt 10:23 a.m. May 18 (Reuters) -Canada's main stock index fell on Thursday, wiping off all the gains from the previous session as gold miners tumbled and software firm Lightspeed fell after reporting a weak outlook. Lightspeed drops to TSX bottom on downbeat revenue forecast 7/24/2023 0 Comments List of hollywood epic movies![]() “You have to see the film, we ran through these streets at a difficult time for everyone. I’ve always wanted to make films and travel the world, to have this opportunity, and that’s what I want to keep doing.”Īddressing his fans directly, Cruise recalls the struggles the team had in making M:I 7, which shot at the peak of COVID lockdowns. “I love this experience, I’ve always studied the new tech and all the ways to involve viewers at every level and make more immersive and fun. “I’ve always made films for the audience and for the theaters, for distributors and for the big screen,” he tells THR Roma. Below is an almost-uncontrolled rabble of second-tier fans, shoving and scuffling for their moment with the star.Ĭruise, of course, is unflappable. High up, next to the Trinità dei Monti church, there’s a dedicated area for the select few: Those granted extensive face-time with Cruise, who signs every single autograph, shakes every hand, poses for every selfie. ![]() The M:I 7 red carpet, much like the Roman Coliseum, has a strict pecking order. Cruise even managed, on his Roman tour de force, to find time to stop in on Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni, who, rather lamely, said “Mission: Impossible” is what her government faces every day.īut back to the Spanish Steps, to the sweltering crowd of red carpet gawkers, to the rowdy screams and cauldron of sweat and excitement that rises above those huge LED screens and can be heard over the “Top Secret” drum corps in M:I 7 uniforms performing on the steps, lending the air of a military tattoo to the event.Īfter descending the staircase, Cruise strolls around the red carpet semicircle running around the famed Barcaccia fountain: 36 slots representing the whole world united here for the world premiere of one of the last great blockbuster franchises still standing. That quintessential action actor, who, while almost 61, continues to astound the world with increasingly reckless stunts and seemingly inexhaustible energy. The undisputed star on this very hot Roman afternoon is Tom Cruise. Paul McCartney Clarifies Use of AI in Upcoming Beatles Song: "Nothing Has Been Artificially or Synthetically Created" 7/24/2023 0 Comments Toon54.net toon blastYou can get a bulk of coins for connecting your Facebook account to the game, though this will only give you a burst of coins at once. Lastly, once you are level 21 and above, you can use your coins to create a new team, to help each other out and chat about the game! If you have failed a level but could complete it within 5 extra moves, you can use your coins to continue with those five moves. You can use your coins to refill your life if it is looking a bit low, which will help you play longer. There are a variety of different boosters that all do different things, depending on what would help you best at that moment. In Toon Blast, you can use coins to purchase boosters - which are the power-ups that you can use in-game. While you play, you might be watching your coin counter go up! You need coins for a lot of power-ups, so you might want to know how to best get them! Apart from purchasing coins with real money, there actually are a lot of different ways you can earn coins in Toon Blast, but first, what do you spend them on? ![]() There are currently a lot of people playing it as well, which means that you won’t be alone in playing the game. ![]() ![]() This colourful match-3 puzzler is full of cartoony characters, power-ups, lives, and everything that you’d expect in a match-3 style game. Toon Blast is one of the most popular games currently on mobile devices. 7/24/2023 0 Comments Welcome to my activity today![]() #ai #data #instagram #compliance #engagement #europe #privacy #europeanunion #meta #fediverse #threads With regards to advertisements, it remains uncertain at this point whether they will be integrated into Threads. Moreover, they possess an extensive trove of data that the algorithm and advertisers can leverage. Nevertheless, this time around, they might capitalize on the prevailing discontentment among Twitter users.įurthermore, Meta has a significant advantage over Twitter in terms of monetizing user engagement. Historically, Meta has faced challenges when launching standalone apps. It will be fascinating to observe how Threads influences Twitter and whether it manages to lure users away from the platform. Consequently, those in Europe eager to join the bandwagon will need to exercise patience. Availability: However, Threads will not be immediately accessible in the European Union due to concerns surrounding compliance with privacy regulations. This means you will encounter numerous posts from accounts you do not follow.ĥ. Feed Algorithm: The feed algorithm in Threads draws upon an AI-driven discovery approach similar to that employed by other platforms like TikTok and Reels. Additionally, users can include links, photos, and videos lasting up to five minutes.Ĥ. Post Features: As shared by Andrew Hutchinson, an insider, posts on Threads can span up to 500 characters. This aspect poses a potential challenge to Twitter, as it encourages users to explore the app and facilitates data transfer between the two platforms.ģ. Access: You can conveniently log in to Threads using your Instagram account. Purpose: Threads serves as a text-based conversation app for Instagram.Ģ. Let's delve into the essential details about Mark Zuckerberg's latest creation:ġ. Threads quickly gained traction, amassing an impressive five million sign-ups within its first four hours of operation. Yesterday, Meta unveiled Threads, a platform that bears a resemblance to Twitter but with its unique features. Leave a comment with your opinion about Google's privacy.Īlso how it collects all our searches, pages we have visited, etc.Introducing Threads: A New Platform by Meta Also, it is not difficult at all to keep your “My Activity” clean and without extensive history.ĭo you think it is important to have the “My activity” section clean from time to time? Or is it something you don't give any importance to. Finally, we have to recommend that you do one thing every so often.Īnd is that you take a look at all activity you've done with Google searches to stay in the know. ![]() Remember that all this data is collected by Google and this information can be a double-edged sword when a problem arises, as happened with the data filtered by Facebook. In our opinion, it is essential keep this section clean and therefore, we have taught you to do it. ![]() Or all of them, so that Google doesn't have control over everything you search for. However, it is good that you delete some things. That's all, you can see that it is nothing to write home about and they are not very complex steps. Protect our privacy of my activity in Google, delete history And we will click on “delete activity by”. Once you click on the 3 dots, as in the image, the menu will be displayed. Of course, remember to be logged in with your Google email address – Gmail. Once inside we will have to go to the control panel (the three dots) to be able to delete all our activity.To delete it, go to the link -> My Activity from Google, or we search in Google: My activity.Google My activity, clear history from PC and phone It will store browsing data in Chrome, search data in Google, in Google Play, ads and activity with our Android. Once again we have to tell you that Google monitors all the activities What do you do in the browser? Either Google Chrome or another, if you are logged in with your Google account. How to delete My Google Activity, from the search history Delete our Google activity, from the computer and from the mobile 1.3 Protect our privacy of my activity in Google, delete history.1.2 Google My activity, clear history from PC and phone.1.1 Delete our Google activity, from the computer and from the mobile.1 How to delete My Google Activity, from the search history. 7/24/2023 0 Comments Reddit r soccer![]() ![]() ![]() This one might go as one of the jewels in Reddit concerning the game of football. Hey, don't forget to check out our daily football predictions here also. It’s always risky, but using some hints and tips might help for the success. Besides that, what might be more helpful for the users are different strategies for sports gambling. The advice in the discussion is for free, and actually, the subscribers share their opinions and place their predictions about specific games or soccer events. The daily picks threads are there to provide the tips for the games in that afternoon’s or evening’s schedule. Thousands of people need a bet advisor, and at least 31 K find it in r/SoccerBetting. We will not go into how much the gambling factor might ruin the beauty of the game. The sports bets have turned to be more intriguing for many people than the sport itself. The betting advisor r/SoccerBettingĪs there are many live stream channels, there are hundreds of subreddits dedicated to soccer predictions. With more than 27 thousand subscribers the voting system is essential here too to know which user posts the content of a good quality and which does not. The threads in there consist primarily of links to download full soccer games to your computer. The purpose of this subreddit is apparent. And you can upvote or downvote the others users contribution. Uploading a video with low quality will do no good. More than 80 thousand people subscribe to that channel for the freshest links of the recently ended matches briefs. You can try Youtube, or you can check the threads at r/footballhighlights. Finding videos of the goals and the most exciting situations is not always easy as it looks like. This is what the highlights have been invented for. You don’t have the time to watch the whole game. Watch the highlights r/FootballHighlights Wait to see is there a chance to rebound. But at least until one month ago, it was considered the best Reddit for streaming. Sadly, this subreddit went through some hard times recently – according to the admins it has been “been hit with a massive downvote wave and bots.” So, there are no links up there when you open the main page. You can read about what is the safest way to enjoy the game through the web stream, for example. Thus it’s not a miracle that r/soccer streams occurs to be so - there are more than 370 thousand followers of that channel using the tools provided in the threads. The truth is most of you can’t afford to pay for every game even if you want to, so sneaking is not always that bad. Most of the soccer fans do it every once in a while, and some of them prefer to watch “stolen” matches. The live stream hub r/SoccerStreamsĭon’t pretend that you have never searched for “pirate” streaming on the Internet. The hottest news is posted there too, so you don’t need to browse around a dozen of sports website to get the picture of what happens in the world of football. But for the greater convenience of the users and subscribers, (almost) every day there is a pinned post providing quick links to numerous threads concerning recent games or ones that are about to be played soon, highlights, etc. ![]() With so many aspects involved it might be uneasy to find the thread you are looking for. It’s not hard to guess that r/soccer is the general hub containing thousands of discussions on a wide variety of themes, regarding the most popular game on the planet. Speaking of the European football, of course, also known as Association football or soccer. With more than 1,2 million subscribers no other forum can beat that speaking of football. The main subreddit r/Soccerīeyond any doubt, this one is the most popular subreddit out there. 7/24/2023 0 Comments Odyssey fun world coupons 2021![]() Under Armour: Big savings on over 100 items.adidas: Outlet prices on apparel, footwear and accessories.Nike: Up to 29% off Nike Golf clothing and shoes.The Golf Warehouse: Black Friday deals on all categories.Walmart: Save on golf balls, bags and package sets.Dick's Sporting Goods: Big price cuts on apparel and footwear.Golf Galaxy: Save hundreds on Callaway Mavrik and SIM 2 gear.Amazon: View Amazon's golf sale and limited time deals.When the deals start flowing in we also have a lot of other specific hub pages as well so if you want something specific then make sure you regularly check our guides on the best Black Friday golf club deals, best Black Friday golf shoe deals, best Black Friday golf bag deals and more. We would also recommend checking retailers like Walmart, adidas, Nike, Rock Bottom Golf and many more because most of them will have Black Friday sales. The Amazon deals in the US have started to go live but in the UK there are several big discounts already which we have included below. We can see more of the same in 2022 and Amazon is always a great place to buy golfing essentials. We've been really impressed with the discounts on Black Friday so far, with some massive savings on rangefinders and GPS devices in particular, whilst across categories we are seeing big brand name items at all-time low prices. Traditionally the sales are for finding the best laptops, televisions and such, but there are always deals to find on golf gear as well! Whether it's a new driver, one of the best golf bags, a dozen of the best golf balls or an incredible piece of tech, we will have you covered with the very best Black Friday golf deals you can pick up over that weekend. Carts - Biggest discounts on three wheelsīlack Friday 2022 may have taken place yesterday but there are still hundreds of deals to be had because many retailers look to extend sales over the weekend and into Cyber Monday. Bags - Save on big name stand and cart bagsġ4. Shoes - Featuring Nike, FootJoy and Pumaġ3. ![]() Golf balls - Pro V1, TP5 and Chrome Soft dealsġ1. Tech - Huge discount on lasers and GPS devicesġ0. Putters - Including Spider X and Triple Trackĩ. Wedges - Big TaylorMade Milled Grind savingsĨ. Fairways/hybrids - Featuring Mavrik and SIM Maxħ. US top deals - Discounts on drivers, balls and moreĥ. Best golf sales - All the biggest golf salesĢ. 7/24/2023 0 Comments Burnin boardThe LD is connected at JP1, the pwer supply at JP2.ġ x MAX407 (dual single supply CMOS low offset opamp) - can be used different, having in mind mentioned before (the PCB is designed for DIP package).The input range of the opamp must include both voltages - the ground rail and the reference. If you have stability problems, you can play with the value of R1 and to try to reach the stable operation. This in the schematics is the function of R1. In some cases, even the opamp is not stable with the specific NMOS transistor as load, the stability can be drastically improved by the "isolating" the load from the opamp output by the use of simple resistor. You have carefully to check in both datasheets ( of the opamp and the NMOS ), what is the gate capacitance of the power NMOS transistor, and is the opamp stable with this load. Some opamps are compensated for similar loads, but a plenty of standard opamps will oscillate. The opamp must be able to drive such kind of big capacitive load, without losing its stability. This capacitance appears as capacitive load for the opamp. For some devices it can reach some dozens of nanofarades. Some words about the used opamp and NMOS transistor: The power NMOS transistor normally has a big working area, what in most of the cases presumes big input capacitance. R2 and C1 are used to protect the laser diode from some voltage spikes. In my case the maximum power generated by R5 is 2.5W - 5V*0.5A. The power generated by the R5 must be also properly dissipated. Because high current can flow through the NMOS transistor, it must be enough strong to sustain it. If higher current is needed, either the reference voltage should be increased, either the value of R5 shall be reduced. I have used 5V Zenner diode and 10 Ohm R5 resistor - the maximum possible generated current is 500 mA. The generated current is Igen=Vin/R5, where Vin is the voltage drop over R5 and also the input voltage of the second opamp. This voltage appears at the current defining resistor R5. The second opamp together with the power NMOS transistor work as voltage to current converter - the source voltage of the transistor is identical to the input voltage of the second opamp. ![]() In this way on its middle terminal the voltage can vary between 0 and the reference voltage. The buffer is loaded with trimmer potentiometer connected to ground. This voltage is filtered by the use of the capacitor C2 and applied to the input of the opamp connected as buffer. ![]() A 5 V reference voltage is created by the Zenner diode D2 and the resistor R4. |